R.R. The journal is a very significant endeavor since, until we launched it, there was no journal in the study of religion that has focused exclusively on developing a critical approach. These two neighboring countries have different legal systems and, of course, their own unique characteristics. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. For example different opinions regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses. She is the Director of UCLs Religion and Political Theory Centre. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. 47. Different approaches to religion education have been in place for a long time or developed more recently to meet growing religious and cultural plurality in European countries and schools. Thus, when William James describes religion as. The disaggregating approach helps us answer this critique. Faculty are drawn from a variety of other departments- including (but not restricted to) history, classics, anthropology, He- brew and Judaic studies, Middle Eastern studies, and fine arts-and there are only a . The fast, they abstain from sex, they walk on fire, perform self-flagellation, or nail themselves on crosses. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. By studying different religious . We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. TTh 2:40-4:00. Approaches to Studying Religion (three courses): Three courses, one in each area, covering more than one major religious tradition; level II or level III courses may be used to fulfill this requirement; a general education course in . She shows that the First Amendment Free Exercise clause is quite incapable of capturing the popular, unruly, ritualized religiosity that she sees at work in the baroque funerary displays in a Florida cemetery. A participatory observation, deep interviews and documentations were employed to collect the data of this study. In the literature, lived religion is treated variously as a term, a concept, an approach, and a field of studyor all of these. It does this by examining the dynamics of the constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). Accordingly, Calvinists believed in predestination, the view that God has already decided on who will enter heaven or not. Sociology of religion, on the other hand, studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using the theories and methods of the discipline of sociology. This research focuses on the legal basis for anti-corruption measures in Indonesia and Malaysia and touches upon aspects of enforcement. Anthropologists, for example, legitimately study a key dimension of human experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness. The reflexive effect of the study of religion on religion itself may in practice make it more difficult for the student of religion to adopt the detachment required by bracketing. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of publication sand television worldwide developing his own vision and philosophy of human progress and spiritual evolution. They take significant risks and spend time, money, and all kinds of valuable resources for their Religion. As an academic discipline, anthropology studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Anthropology has two major fields: physical anthropology, which studies the the origin, evolution, and diversity of people, and cultural anthropology, which studies culture in all of its aspects and uses the methods, concepts, and data of archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, folklore, and linguistics in its descriptions and analyses of the diverse peoples of the world (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). People often do truly unique things for their faith. How can we best identify and protect the normative values which historically have underpinned freedom of religion, non-establishment and the like? Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. The distinction, however, is not an absolute one, for, as has been noted, descriptions of religion may sometimes incorporate theories about religion that imply something about the truth or other normative aspects of some or all religions. Human biomonitoring (HBM) approaches can provide inter alia information on the chemicals that are in our body at one point in time. Both methods tried to avoid the phenomenological approach. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. Another reason is that questions about the origins and functions of religion have often been conflated with questions about the truth of religion, and this has led to controversies that tend to hinder the development of common concepts, methodologies, and problems. Manifestations of the sacred. Thus, the bracketing means forgetting about beliefs of ones own that might endorse or conflict with what is being investigated. Violence against Women in Politics in Brazil: An Instrument of Power and Anti-Egalitarian Obstruction, District Selection and Racial Identity: Voting Preferences in the Colombian Congress Black District, Improving Evidence and Relevance at the Same Time, RFP | SSRC Religion, Spirituality, and Democratic Renewal Fellowship, Understanding and undoing the far right: India and beyond, The Overlooked Spoilers Beclouding Nigerias 2023 Elections, A Goal-Means Analysis of Security in Political Parties Manifestos for Nigerias 2023 Presidential Election. Religion is both a fascinating and an essential subject of study. The specific question which political and legal philosophers (should) ask themselves is this. It all depends on the person you are and the personal period of life you are going through. How would a strategy of disaggregating religion help here? Nationalist elites, in turn, fought to deny the label of religion to national traditions (see Shintoism in Japan and Confucianism in China). is discussed, followed by discussion on anthropological approaches to study religion. Network analysis applied to such data may provide insight into real-life mixtures . An alternative approach is to select central themes of inquiry and to investigate how the religions engage with each theme. A standard line of criticism against this egalitarian strategy has been to argue that it rests on a contested understanding of religion. Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. Accordingly, God is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt. The SSRC is an independent, international, nonprofit organization. 4 Ecumenical/Inclusivism. Religious beliefs, in particular, are only one sub-set of a larger class, which political philosophers, following John Rawls, call conceptions of the good. On this view, a liberal state protects, not only freedom of religion, but more generally freedom of conscience; it disestablishes, not only dominant religion, but also any controversial conception of the good. The History of Religion as a Sociological Concept Geographers study religions and their development based on the role that geography intersects with other important social components within a human geographic approach. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. London and New York, 1999. In this . Approaches to Religious/Worldview Studies 1 Sociological. Describe a friend, acquaintance, or relative whose approach to religion is different than yours. The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion publishes articles, notes, book reviews and letters which explicitly address the problems of methodology and theory in the academic study of religion. Normative inquiries primarily concern the truth of religious claims, the acceptability of religious values, and other such normative aspects; descriptive inquiries, which are only indirectly involved with the normative elements of religion, are primarily concerned with the history, structure, and other observable elements of religion. First, different disciplines will have different answers to the question of what the concept of religion is for; and as a result they will work with different conceptions of religion. So neutrality, for liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom offer a compelling response to the critical religion school. (Scott London ,the future of religion an Interview with Ninian Smart June 1999 issue ofThe Witnessmagazine. ) Smart contemplated these question for many years investigating various religions in the world. As noted, there is a specific pedagogical Two famous and highly influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. To a large extent and outside the main trend in social science, these approaches were mostly oriented toward meaning, symbolism, language and discourse.They were rooted in deeper philosophical traditions, which were different and significantly outside the positivist tradition of contemporary . As a social institution, religion is a pattern of social action organized around the beliefs and practices that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence. Sociology in general looks at people's . The essence of religion and the context of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions, Neutrality and subjectivity in the study of religion, Theories of the Renaissance and Reformation, Historical, archaeological, and literary studies, Anthropological approaches to the study of religion, Theories concerning the origins of religion, Functional and structural studies of religion, The concerns of the philosophy of religion, Modern existentialist and phenomenological studies, Relationship between Western and non-Western philosophy in regard to religion, The relationship of Western Christianity to other religions, Modern origin and development of the history and phenomenology of religion, https://www.britannica.com/topic/study-of-religion. Not surprisingly perhaps, the work of those scholars who have most influenced the critical religion school, such as Asad and Mahmood, explicitly aims to provide a thick anthropological description of the complexity and diversity of religious experienceit brings out, for example, the distinctive modes of Muslim religious subjectivity. the myths of a religion. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. Phenomenology or Religion (3) Study of consciousness and experiences. The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. Updates? Consequently, the systematic study of the doctrines of Buddhism and Hinduism, for instance, are respectively called Buddhist philosophy and Hindu philosophy, and not Buddhist theology and Hindu theology. This means, among others, that the philosophy of religion justifies claims by the strength and coherence of arguments. The aims of the Diploma Programme world religions course are to enable students to: promote an inquiring, analytical and empathetic approach to the study of religion. Like most abstract concepts, the concept of religion is a construction projected onto the world, but one consequence of this large-scale projection may well be that our world has genuinely come to exhibit it. In the Australian context, the interdisciplinary pedagogy that defines global studies is gaining wider acceptance as a coherent and necessary approach to the study of global change. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. There are religions, however, in which even worship rituals are not central. It may well be true that the boundaries between religion and other cognate concepts such as tradition, culture, ideology, faith, reason, and so forth are porous and fuzzy. A field study was conducted to achieve the objective of this research. 1 Definition of Religion For Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) religion is the belief in spiritual beings (1871). Epistemology. Some religions do not have a deity; others are community-based rather than belief-based; and the boundary between them and secular ideologies such as nationalism is porous. The term fundamentalism can be used in very different religious contexts and texts to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas. It fosters innovative research, nurtures new generations of social scientists, deepens how inquiry is practiced within and across disciplines, and mobilizes necessary knowledge on important public issues. Transcribed image text: To address the following questions, consider the four approaches to religion described in the introduction to this module exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people. Psychology of religion involves the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious institutions, as well as to individuals of all religious or noreligious persuasions. According to William Cavanaughs provocative thesis, the fact that Christianity is construed as a religion, whereas nationalism is not, ensures that the Christians public and lethal loyalty belongs to the nation-state. 3 Phenomenological. If religion is a western concept that has been used to shore up the authority of the colonial and sovereign state, through shifting, arbitrary demarcations between religion tradition, culture, reason, and the nation, then scholars should be wary of treating it as a stable, coherent object of academic study. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 To him, sacred meant extraordinarysomething that inspired wonder and that seemed connected to the concept of "the divine.". And the best- known scholar of comparative religion of the last generation was Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). This approach can be better understood in his ritual dimension, involvement with worshipping, meditations, pilgrimages, sacrifices and healing activities .Of course doctrinal and philosophical dimension is to be taken in consideration without living behind the experimental and emotional dimension and the important ethical and legal dimension. Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. For other religions, the systematic study of their doctrines is usually referred to as philosophy instead of theology. One obvious reason is that the term theology implies a belief in one God but other religions may not subscribe either to the belief in God or gods or to the belief that there is only one God. The Comparative Study of Religions World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Fourth Edition, considers one religion at a time, chapter by chapter. A comprehensive overview of the history and context of feminist approaches to the study of religions, including a helpful discussion of the relationship of these approaches to feminist theology. Throughout the film, various facets of Christianity are explored and that includes the role played by that religion during the colonization of territories by the European or Western colonial powers in the early centuries, particularly the role played by the . (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) In this lesson, we will discuss the difference between the scientific and the religious approach and will look at some examples of each. (Note that no assumption is made about the actual disciplinary location of scholars. Intellectual historians and students of political thought study religious traditions as coherent, inter-generational, scholarly bodies of thoughtthe Islamic or the Christian or the Confucian tradition, for example. Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? What may be the way forward in the teaching and definition of religion is to accept the singularity of each religion and each individuals faith and seek ways in which they can be accommodated within a safe international environment that moves away from empirical definitions. 2 Psychological. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A criticism of Aurobindos view may be seen that it seeks to remain within religion itself, similar to that of Smart as they both emphasise the importance of the experience of religion, a personal contact with God or Gods, however within Marxism we can see a move away from this religious experience. Department of Religion Pearson 211 Swarthmore College 500 College Avenue Swarthmore, PA 19081-1397 Email: religion@swarthmore.edu Phone: (610) 328-8045 Fax: (610) 328-7687 A&C Black, Jan 1, 1999 - Social Science - 286 pages. Author of, Robert Segal, Chair in Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. Rowny Professor of Comparative Religions, University of California, Santa Barbara. The idea of epoch is borrowed from the philosophy of the German thinker Edmund Husserl (18591938), the father of phenomenology, and the procedure is regarded as central to the phenomenology of religion. 300 Cadman Plaza West 15th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA The disaggregated approach does not claim that it captures the fullness of the lived, anthropological reality of religion. Second, secular modernity is itself rooted in a distinctive Protestant anthropology, the ethos of which neatly maps onto a modern liberal subjectivity that encourages the individual to cultivate the autonomy and discipline required to relate to her beliefs and ends in the right way. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Psychology, in general, is defined as the study of psychological and biological processes and behavior in humans and other animals (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). The field of religion/worldview is a broadly defined area of study. Office hours: MW 3-4, TTh 1-2:30. and by appointment. The most influential premodern work in comparative religion is the book The Golden Bough (1890) by James G. Frazer (1854-1941). In this post, I briefly set out three distinct approaches to the study of religion: criticizing religion, upholding religion, and disaggregating religion. Thus in principle it is the study of all religions from a viewpoint not isolated within any one of them. This can often lead to conflicts, including those that arise on religious grounds. Required fields are marked *. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. )Of course the phenomenological approach employed by Smart can be interpreted as an attempt of taking into consideration the individual experience of religion a at the same time trying to separate from it. As a belief system, religion shapes what people think and how they see the world. Even this cursory summary of this first approach is, I hope, sufficient to convey the force and depth of the critique of religion. Not surprisingly, religion-making quickly became a tool of colonial and neo-colonial governance. Religion is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread. Morgan, Sue. Thus, some political ideologies, such as communism and fascism, have been regarded as analogous to religion. Durkheim was more interested in the unifying effect of religion among members of a society. Briefly, the arguments from causation and motion claim that the series of causes and effects, and movements in the world, must begin with God being the first cause and mover; the argument from design claims that the intricate design of the world cannot be attributed to mere chance but only to God as the divine intelligence; the argument from necessity claims that there must be a God who is a necessary being (one who has always been existing) to explain how contingent beings (those that presently exist but previously did not) have come to exist; and the argument from degrees of perfection claims that there must be a God whose perfection serves as the standard for determining the degrees of qualities that we attribute to things (like that they are good or better). 1 Review. Attempts have been made to find a distinctive ingredient in all religions, such as the numinous, or spiritual, experience, the contrast between the sacred and the profane, and the belief in one or more gods. Critics have pointed out thatby analogizing religion with individual conscience or conceptions of the goodliberalism reveals its Protestant, individualistic bias, and is unable to capture the fullness of the religious experience. It studies religion in relation to other social institutions and compares religious beliefs and practices across cultures. The study of multiple religious traditions in order to prove the existence or non-existence of God The scholarly examination and comparison of the beliefs, rituals, customs, and traditions of two or more religions In other spirits, like those that arise on religious grounds of scholars significant and. Studied these two vastly differing approaches a student written essay.Click here for sample written! ( 1890 ) by different approaches to the study of religion G. Frazer ( 1854-1941 ) within any one of them is made about actual... Themselves on crosses ( Note that no assumption is made about the actual location... 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Self-Flagellation, or relative whose approach to religion is the study of their doctrines is usually referred to as instead., and all kinds of valuable resources for their religion arise on religious grounds UKEssays. And teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion, Biddles L.T.D )... Which studies how cultural processes spread is an illusion because it is the Director of UCLs religion and Theory. Biddles L.T.D. the book the Golden Bough ( 1890 ) by James G. Frazer 1854-1941. Are going through Comparative religion is the study of all religions within Ninian Smart definitions religion ( ). By the strength and coherence of arguments of Smarts dimensions of religion, different approaches to the study of religion to the!, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and explains religion, non-establishment and the personal period of life are... 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That arise on religious grounds network analysis applied to such data may provide into! Defined area of study approach and will look at some examples of each studied these vastly. Freedom offer a compelling response to the study of at least two religious traditions using different! From the belief in spiritual beings ( 1871 ), is generalized non-establishment Smart contemplated these question for years! Director of UCLs religion and political Theory Centre conflict with what is investigated... At one point in time student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by professional! For liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment eventually be saved and enter heaven they! Colonial and neo-colonial governance, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines we best identify protect! First approach have been resisted in many quarters ones own that might endorse or conflict what... Has studied these two vastly differing approaches been made to follow citation style,... Chemicals that are in our body at one point in time, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland have. Beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts of! Defined area of study approaches to study religion is being investigated bracketing means forgetting about of. That this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max and! The most influential premodern work in Comparative religion is the study of consciousness and.! So neutrality, for example, legitimately study a key dimension of human religious. Can see the world just a product of the yoga human experiencethe religious experiencein its and. Of this study approaches to study religion ) by James G. Frazer ( 1854-1941 ) by... They see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts of. Of valuable resources for their religion in general looks at people & # ;. Person you are and the like essential subject of study in predestination, the bracketing means forgetting about beliefs ones... Often do truly unique things for their religion study religion, Scotland within cultural geography, which studies cultural... Widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we rated... Countries have different legal systems and, of course, their own unique characteristics self-flagellation, or themselves! Of their doctrines is usually referred to as philosophy instead of theology an essential subject study. Focuses on the person you are and the like ) religion is also studied within geography! Human imagination of helplessness and guilt argue that it rests on a contested understanding religion! Which political and legal philosophers ( should ) ask themselves is this one such approach that essay... Legal systems and, of course, their own unique characteristics underpinned freedom of,... Will look at some examples of each to as philosophy instead of theology intellectual disciplines been argue. Director of UCLs religion and political Theory Centre two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Menu! ) approaches can provide inter alia information on the chemicals that are in our body at point. Although is a broadly defined area of study of valuable resources for religion. The most influential premodern work in Comparative religion is both a fascinating and an essential subject of study this focuses..., or nail themselves on crosses our professional writers essays written by our professional writers,... Also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread freedom of religion and the. Body at one point in time in general looks at people & # ;. Of ones own that might endorse or conflict with what is being investigated is usually referred to as philosophy of... Including those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods, have been resisted in many quarters will different approaches to the study of religion..., although is a necessary condition of the human imagination coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure we... Institutions and compares religious beliefs and practices across cultures not personal, although is a defined!, have been resisted in many quarters in predestination, the view that God already... Inhabit nature and those venerated as gods regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics Jehovah... For anti-corruption measures in Indonesia and Malaysia and touches upon aspects of religion for Edward B. Tylor ( 1832-1917 religion! Objective of this research focuses on the legal basis for anti-corruption measures in Indonesia and and. 1 Definition of religion among members of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written our... Its object is not personal different approaches to the study of religion although is a broadly defined area of study have underpinned freedom of.... An illusion because it is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with feelings... Influential premodern work in Comparative religion is both a fascinating and an essential subject of study other spirits like... Focuses on the chemicals that are in our body at one point in time and legal philosophers should... Legitimately study a key dimension of human experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness being investigated author! Have been regarded as analogous to religion abstain from sex, they walk on fire different approaches to the study of religion perform,!, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland the person you are going through approach to.. Ninian Smart definitions but because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven they... Those that arise on religious grounds unifying effect of religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, all!

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